{ "$schema_note": "Structured tabular data behind the IPDS SCO Observatory. Narrative entries (summit-by-summit declaration text, country dossier notes, institution notes) are not included; see the live page for those. This file also powers the auto-updating Snapshot dashboard.", "source": "https://ipd.org.pk/research-publications/sco-observatory/", "publisher": "Institute of Peace and Diplomatic Studies, Centre for SCO Studies, Islamabad", "version": "3.1", "updated": "2026-10-19", "license_note": "Compiled from public sources; corrections welcome and will be logged with the version they change. Views expressed do not necessarily reflect the position of the institution.", "headline_stats": { "combined_land_area_km2": "34.8m", "combined_land_area_note": "About a quarter of the world's land surface and roughly 65 per cent of the Eurasian landmass", "combined_population": "3.47bn", "combined_population_note": "About 42 per cent of humanity", "combined_gdp_ppp_usd": "$71.1tn", "combined_gdp_ppp_note": "About 36 per cent of the world economy", "combined_gdp_nominal_usd": "$27.5tn", "heads_of_state_summits_held": 26, "full_member_states": 10, "observer_states": 2, "dialogue_partners": 15, "relations_with_other_organisations": 14, "founded": "15 June 2001, Shanghai", "current_chair": "Pakistan, 2026 to 2027", "next_summit": "Islamabad, August 2027, exact dates not announced" }, "datasets": { "heads_of_government_meetings": [ { "No.": "1", "Date": "14 September 2001", "City": "Almaty", "Host": "Kazakhstan" }, { "No.": "—", "Date": "2002", "City": "No meeting located", "Host": "" }, { "No.": "2", "Date": "23 September 2003", "City": "Beijing", "Host": "China" }, { "No.": "3", "Date": "23 September 2004", "City": "Bishkek", "Host": "Kyrgyzstan" }, { "No.": "4", "Date": "26 October 2005", "City": "Moscow", "Host": "Russia" }, { "No.": "5", "Date": "15 September 2006", "City": "Dushanbe", "Host": "Tajikistan" }, { "No.": "6", "Date": "2 November 2007", "City": "Tashkent", "Host": "Uzbekistan" }, { "No.": "7", "Date": "30 October 2008", "City": "Astana", "Host": "Kazakhstan" }, { "No.": "8", "Date": "14 October 2009", "City": "Beijing", "Host": "China" }, { "No.": "9", "Date": "25 November 2010", "City": "Dushanbe", "Host": "Tajikistan" }, { "No.": "10", "Date": "7 November 2011", "City": "St Petersburg", "Host": "Russia" }, { "No.": "11", "Date": "5 December 2012", "City": "Bishkek", "Host": "Kyrgyzstan" }, { "No.": "12", "Date": "29 November 2013", "City": "Tashkent", "Host": "Uzbekistan" }, { "No.": "13", "Date": "15 December 2014", "City": "Astana", "Host": "Kazakhstan" }, { "No.": "14", "Date": "15 December 2015", "City": "Zhengzhou", "Host": "China" }, { "No.": "15", "Date": "3 November 2016", "City": "Bishkek", "Host": "Kyrgyzstan" }, { "No.": "16", "Date": "30 November to 1 December 2017", "City": "Sochi", "Host": "Russia" }, { "No.": "17", "Date": "11 to 12 October 2018", "City": "Dushanbe", "Host": "Tajikistan" }, { "No.": "18", "Date": "2 November 2019", "City": "Tashkent", "Host": "Uzbekistan" }, { "No.": "19", "Date": "30 November 2020", "City": "Videoconference", "Host": "Chaired by India" }, { "No.": "20", "Date": "25 November 2021", "City": "Videoconference", "Host": "Chaired by Kazakhstan" }, { "No.": "21", "Date": "1 November 2022", "City": "Videoconference", "Host": "Chaired by China" }, { "No.": "22", "Date": "26 October 2023", "City": "Bishkek", "Host": "Kyrgyzstan" }, { "No.": "23", "Date": "15 to 16 October 2024", "City": "Islamabad", "Host": "Pakistan" }, { "No.": "24", "Date": "18 November 2025", "City": "Moscow", "Host": "Russia" }, { "No.": "25", "Date": "19 to 20 October 2026", "City": "Dushanbe", "Host": "Tajikistan" } ], "members_compared": [ { "Member": "China", "Joined": "2001", "Budget share": "17.6%", "Land area, km²": "9,388,211", "Population": "1,412,914,089", "GDP nominal, $bn": "19,626" }, { "Member": "Russia", "Joined": "2001", "Budget share": "17.6%", "Land area, km²": "16,376,870", "Population": "143,394,458", "GDP nominal, $bn": "2,588" }, { "Member": "Kazakhstan", "Joined": "2001", "Budget share": "15.2%", "Land area, km²": "2,699,700", "Population": "21,083,626", "GDP nominal, $bn": "303" }, { "Member": "Uzbekistan", "Joined": "2001", "Budget share": "12.6%", "Land area, km²": "425,400", "Population": "37,724,223", "GDP nominal, $bn": "147" }, { "Member": "Kyrgyzstan", "Joined": "2001", "Budget share": "7.6%", "Land area, km²": "191,800", "Population": "7,400,465", "GDP nominal, $bn": "22" }, { "Member": "Tajikistan", "Joined": "2001", "Budget share": "6.0%", "Land area, km²": "139,960", "Population": "10,978,599", "GDP nominal, $bn": "18" }, { "Member": "India", "Joined": "2017", "Budget share": "5.9%", "Land area, km²": "2,973,190", "Population": "1,476,625,576", "GDP nominal, $bn": "3,916" }, { "Member": "Pakistan", "Joined": "2017", "Budget share": "5.9%", "Land area, km²": "770,880", "Population": "259,299,791", "GDP nominal, $bn": "408" }, { "Member": "Iran", "Joined": "2023", "Budget share": "5.8%", "Land area, km²": "1,628,550", "Population": "93,168,497", "GDP nominal, $bn": "371" }, { "Member": "Belarus", "Joined": "2024", "Budget share": "5.8%", "Land area, km²": "202,910", "Population": "8,937,018", "GDP nominal, $bn": "93" } ], "secretaries_general": [ { "No.": "1", "Name": "Zhang Deguang", "From": "China", "Term": "15 January 2004 to 31 December 2006" }, { "No.": "2", "Name": "Bolat Nurgaliyev", "From": "Kazakhstan", "Term": "1 January 2007 to 31 December 2009" }, { "No.": "3", "Name": "Muratbek Imanaliyev", "From": "Kyrgyzstan", "Term": "1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012" }, { "No.": "4", "Name": "Dmitry Mezentsev", "From": "Russia", "Term": "1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015" }, { "No.": "5", "Name": "Rashid Alimov", "From": "Tajikistan", "Term": "1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018" }, { "No.": "6", "Name": "Vladimir Norov", "From": "Uzbekistan", "Term": "1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021" }, { "No.": "7", "Name": "Zhang Ming", "From": "China", "Term": "1 January 2022 to 31 December 2024" }, { "No.": "8", "Name": "Nurlan Yermekbayev", "From": "Kazakhstan", "Term": "1 January 2025 to 31 December 2027, expected" } ], "rats_executive_committee_directors": [ { "No.": "1", "Name": "Vyacheslav Kasymov", "From": "Uzbekistan, not independently corroborated", "Term": "January 2004 to 31 December 2006" }, { "No.": "2", "Name": "Myrzakan Subanov", "From": "Kyrgyzstan", "Term": "1 January 2007 to 31 December 2009" }, { "No.": "3", "Name": "Dzhenisbek Dzhumanbekov", "From": "Kazakhstan", "Term": "1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012" }, { "No.": "4", "Name": "Zhang Xinfeng", "From": "China", "Term": "Announced 9 January 2013 to About 31 December 2015" }, { "No.": "5", "Name": "Evgeny Sysoev", "From": "Russia", "Term": "2016, month not established to About 31 December 2018" }, { "No.": "6", "Name": "Jumakhon Giyosov", "From": "Tajikistan", "Term": "1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021" }, { "No.": "7", "Name": "Ruslan Mirzaev", "From": "Uzbekistan", "Term": "1 January 2022 to 31 December 2024" }, { "No.": "8", "Name": "Ularbek Sharsheev", "From": "Kyrgyzstan", "Term": "Appointed 26 December 2024 to 2027, expected" } ], "trade_and_financing": [ { "Metric": "Intra-SCO exports", "Figure": "$725bn, 15.3% of total member exports", "Year": "2024" }, { "Metric": "China's trade with other SCO members", "Figure": "≈$524bn", "Year": "2025" }, { "Metric": "China Development Bank loans outstanding to SCO IBC member banks", "Figure": "$2.05bn + ¥3.3bn outstanding, of $7.69bn + ¥3.34bn lent", "Year": "End 2017" }, { "Metric": "First SCO IBC loan and investment agreements signed", "Figure": "$742m, first batch", "Year": "2006" } ], "culture_education_agreements": [ { "Agreement": "Agreement on Cooperation in Education", "Date": "15 June 2006", "Signed at": "Shanghai", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat, summit record (PDF) ↗ — CGTN, on the agreement's effect ↗", "hrefs": [ "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/17/1627730.pdf", "https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-09-15/SCO-promotes-educational-exchange-among-member-countries-1dlxvPzwFhK/index.html" ] } }, { "Agreement": "Agreement on Cooperation in Culture", "Date": "16 August 2007", "Signed at": "Bishkek", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat, summit record (PDF) ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/17/1627871.pdf" } }, { "Agreement": "Agreement on Cooperation in Protecting Cultural Landmarks", "Date": "17 September 2021", "Signed at": "Dushanbe", "Source": "Not confirmed — secondary reporting only" } ], "sport_cooperation": [ { "Initiative": "'SCO Games'", "Status": "proposed", "Detail": "Russia's sports minister offered to host a dedicated SCO games at a meeting of member states' sports officials. No date, format or second host state was confirmed; this remains a proposal, not a scheduled event." }, { "Initiative": "SCO Marathon, Kunming", "Status": "discontinued", "Detail": "China held an SCO-branded marathon in Kunming for about four years before it was discontinued during the pandemic. Not revived in the sources checked." }, { "Initiative": "Cyber Sports Championship, Uzbekistan", "Status": "one-off", "Detail": "A university-level e-sports championship held in Uzbekistan, reported as a modest, single national initiative rather than an SCO-wide programme." } ], "market_access": [ { "Arrangement": "China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement, Phase II", "Covers": "China, Pakistan", "Status": "In force since January 2020", "What it actually does": "China gives immediate duty-free access on 3,707 tariff lines (45% of the total), with a further 30% phasing to duty-free by 2030. Phase III talks, under way in 2026, focus on Pakistani textiles, minerals and meat products; Pakistan is seeking zero-tariff treatment on a further 700 lines." }, { "Arrangement": "Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)", "Covers": "Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan — plus Belarus and Armenia, both outside the SCO", "Status": "Customs union in force since 2015", "What it actually does": "Goods move within the union without internal tariffs. This is not an SCO instrument: it is a separate bloc that happens to include three SCO members plus two non-members. A trader established in one member state gains access to all five without a further agreement." }, { "Arrangement": "China–EAEU Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation", "Covers": "China and the EAEU (covering Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan as SCO members)", "Status": "In force since 2019", "What it actually does": "A non-preferential agreement: it carries no tariff commitments. It covers customs cooperation, trade facilitation, intellectual property, e-commerce and government procurement, and is best read as a framework for reducing friction rather than a market-opening deal." }, { "Arrangement": "India, Iran and Belarus: no comparable bloc", "Covers": "India, Iran, Belarus", "Status": "No SCO-linked preferential arrangement identified", "What it actually does": "None of India, Iran or Belarus has a preferential trade arrangement with another SCO member that was identified during this research. A trader moving goods to or from these three faces the each country's standard external tariff schedule, not a reduced one." } ], "financial_architecture": [ { "Body": "SCO Interbank Consortium", "Stage": "operating", "What it actually is": "The only functioning SCO financial body. A network of member state banks, not a single institution. Whether Iran's authorised banks have joined is unsettled: the Bishkek Declaration's language versions differ. Full record: Institutions." }, { "Body": "SCO Development Bank", "Stage": "declared", "What it actually is": "Proposed 2010, politically agreed at Tianjin 2025, still not established sixteen years on. Kyrgyzstan bids to host in Bishkek; Kazakhstan has offered Astana, conditionally. See the position tracker in How it works for where each side stands." }, { "Body": "SCO Development Fund, Special Account", "Stage": "declared", "What it actually is": "Tracked alongside the Development Bank in successive declarations since 2010; absent entirely from the Bishkek 2026 declaration. Full record: Institutions." }, { "Body": "SCO Association of Investors", "Stage": "agreed", "What it actually is": "Regulations approved 2024, inaugural session held in Astana, March 2025. Adopted a protocol and annual work plan; travels with the chairing state rather than occupying a fixed address." }, { "Body": "SCO Business Council", "Stage": "operating", "What it actually is": "Non-governmental. The practical route into SCO business circles for a chamber of commerce or investor: see Where to show up, below." } ], "trade_gaps": [ { "Relationship": "India – Pakistan — Both full SCO members since 2017", "Actual": "≈$2.3bn", "Estimated potential": "$37bn", "What is holding it back": "Pakistan maintains a negative list of 1,209 items barred from Indian import, and permits only 138 items through the Wagah-Attari land route. The World Bank attributes about four fifths of the unrealised value to the trust deficit between the two states rather than to tariffs alone." }, { "Relationship": "Afghanistan – Central Asia — Afghanistan holds no current SCO status; observer seat vacant since 2021", "Actual": "≈$1.7bn", "Estimated potential": "$10bn, Afghan government target", "What is holding it back": "Afghanistan has set a three to four year target of $10bn in trade with the five Central Asian states, as part of a stated pivot away from dependence on the Pakistan route. The gap is a target, not a modelled estimate, and rests on the connectivity projects covered separately in this research actually being built." } ], "special_economic_zones": [ { "Zone": "Khorgos – Eastern Gate SEZ", "Location": "Kazakhstan, on the Chinese border", "Status": "Operating, expanding", "Incentives and scale": "Import tariff, land tax, property tax and VAT exemptions inside the zone. Fifty six companies had projects worth over $1.8bn under way as of the sources checked. Being combined with four adjoining facilities into a wider 'Khorgos Hub', including the dry port rail terminal and border crossing. Targeted eventual freight handling of 30 million tonnes a year." }, { "Zone": "Gwadar Free Zone", "Location": "Pakistan, under CPEC", "Status": "Operating, tax holiday running", "Incentives and scale": "A 23-year corporate tax holiday from 1 July 2016 for businesses set up in the zone, plus exemption from provincial services, excise and property-transfer tax, 99-year land leases and a simplified investor visa process. Balochistan's provincial government has separately declared the wider Gwadar district tax-free; full federal tax-free status has been requested but not confirmed as granted in the sources checked." }, { "Zone": "Navoi and the wider Uzbek free economic zone network", "Location": "Uzbekistan — Navoi, plus Urgut, Gijduvan, Kokand, Termez, Namangan, Sirdaryo, Bukhoro-agro, Khazarasp, Andijan and dedicated pharmaceutical zones", "Status": "Operating", "Incentives and scale": "Navoi is a whole-region free economic zone; enterprises across the network are exempt from most taxes for a period of three to ten years depending on investment size, plus simplified customs procedures. The largest network of free zones any single SCO member operates." } ], "connectivity_projects": [ { "Project": "China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) — $60bn+ cumulative", "Route": "Kashgar, Xinjiang (China) to Gwadar Port (Balochistan, Pakistan)", "Participants": "China, Pakistan", "Status and detail": "operating, expanding — About 3,000km of highways, rail and pipelines. Entered a 'CPEC 2.0' phase in early 2026: the two governments agreed to shift focus from infrastructure and energy toward industrialisation, agriculture, mining and export capacity, alongside further upgrades to Gwadar Port and the Karakoram Highway." }, { "Project": "China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan Railway (CKU) — Not confirmed in sources checked", "Route": "Kashgar (China) through Kyrgyzstan (304.84km section) to the existing Uzbek network", "Participants": "China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan", "Status and detail": "under construction — Construction launched 27 December 2024. By mid-2026: over 5,000 workers and about 5,600 pieces of equipment on site; work begun on 26 of 29 tunnels (three over 12km) and 40 of 50 bridges. Expected completion 2028 to 2030." }, { "Project": "International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) — Not confirmed in sources checked", "Route": "Mumbai (India) → Bandar Abbas / Bandar-e-Anzali (Iran) → across the Caspian → Astrakhan → Moscow / St Petersburg (Russia)", "Participants": "India, Iran, Russia — plus Azerbaijan and Central Asian states on different branches, not all SCO members", "Status and detail": "partially operating — About 7,200km, roughly three quarters complete by physical infrastructure. The remaining bottleneck is a single 162km rail gap between Rasht and Astara in Iran. Cargo already moving: 26.9 million tonnes in 2024, up 19% on the year before. Three route branches exist, each with its own reliability profile." }, { "Project": "Middle Corridor / Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR) — $846m World Bank guarantee (2026) supporting $1.4bn in financing for Kazakhstan's rail operator", "Route": "China and Central Asia → Kazakhstan → Caspian Sea (Aktau / Kuryk) → Azerbaijan → Georgia → Türkiye → Europe", "Participants": "Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Türkiye, China — Azerbaijan, Georgia and Türkiye are not SCO members", "Status and detail": "operating, capacity expanding — The Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway reached full commercial operation on 2 June 2026 after an upgrade that raised its capacity fivefold, to 5 million tonnes a year. Georgia's main line capacity rose from 27 to 48 million tonnes a year. Combined Aktau and Kuryk port capacity is about 22 million tonnes a year. Transit time fell from 53 days in 2022 to 18 to 23 days in 2026." }, { "Project": "Trans-Afghan Railway (Uzbekistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan) — ≈$4.8bn to $5bn estimated", "Route": "Termez (Uzbekistan) → Mazar-i-Sharif → Logar (Afghanistan) → Kharlachi crossing → Peshawar (Pakistan)", "Participants": "Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan — Afghanistan is not an SCO member; its observer seat has been vacant since 2021", "Status and detail": "proposed, feasibility study — About 573km. Uzbekistan decreed the start of a joint feasibility study on 4 February 2026. Uzbekistan's own transport ministry projects the line would cut Tashkent–Pakistan transit from about 35 days to 5, and costs by over 40 per cent, once built. Raised again on the margins of the Bishkek 2026 SCO summit." }, { "Project": "TAPI gas pipeline (Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India) — ≈$10bn", "Route": "Galkynysh field (Turkmenistan) → Herat (Afghanistan) → Quetta and Multan (Pakistan) → Fazilka (India)", "Participants": "Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India", "Status and detail": "stalled beyond Afghanistan — About 1,814km, designed for 33bcm a year, allocated 47.5% to Pakistan, 47.5% to India and 5% to Afghanistan. The Turkmen–Afghan section, to Herat, was inaugurated in October 2025. The Pakistan and India sections remain unbuilt, effectively unmoved for over a decade." }, { "Project": "CASA-1000 electricity transmission — ≈$1.2bn", "Route": "Kyrgyzstan → Tajikistan (484km) → Afghanistan → Pakistan (789km)", "Participants": "Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan", "Status and detail": "under construction — About 1,387km of high-voltage line, designed to move roughly 1,300MW, of which Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan would supply about 1,000MW and Afghanistan and Pakistan receive about 300MW. Targeted for completion by the end of 2026." }, { "Project": "China–Central Asia gas pipeline, Line D — Not confirmed in sources checked", "Route": "Galkynysh field (Turkmenistan) → Uzbekistan → Tajikistan → Kyrgyzstan → Xinjiang (China)", "Participants": "Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China", "Status and detail": "stalled since 2014 — About 1,000km, designed to add 30bcm a year to the existing Lines A, B and C, which have carried a combined 55bcm a year of capacity since 2009 to 2014 (actual flows run closer to 40bcm). Construction began in 2014 and has repeatedly stalled over the Turkmenistan–China gas price." }, { "Project": "SCO Transport Connectivity Strategy to 2035 — Not applicable", "Route": "No single route — a proposed digital platform linking the Belt and Road Initiative, the Middle Corridor, the North–South Corridor and Central–South Asia routes", "Participants": "Proposed by Kazakhstan, for all SCO member states", "Status and detail": "proposed — Proposed by President Tokayev at the Bishkek summit, 1 September 2026. Envisions a unified SCO digital transit platform, digitalised customs, mutual recognition of electronic documents and green corridors. Not yet adopted. A related 2026 to 2030 roadmap for ports and logistics centres was approved at the same summit — the one piece of this list that is a genuine SCO initiative rather than a bilateral or plurilateral one." } ], "rats_operational_statistics_to_jan_2024": [ { "Reported by RATS leadership, to January 2024": "Clandestine cells of international terrorist organisations suppressed", "Figure": "73" }, { "Reported by RATS leadership, to January 2024": "Terrorist attacks prevented", "Figure": "69" }, { "Reported by RATS leadership, to January 2024": "Individuals identified", "Figure": "507" }, { "Reported by RATS leadership, to January 2024": "Individuals detained", "Figure": "447" }, { "Reported by RATS leadership, to January 2024": "Individuals convicted", "Figure": "54" }, { "Reported by RATS leadership, to January 2024": "Leaders, members and accomplices of terrorist groups neutralised", "Figure": "182" }, { "Reported by RATS leadership, to January 2024": "Online resources promoting terrorism or extremism blocked", "Figure": "24,536" } ], "rats_operational_statistics_2011_2015": [ { "Reported, 2011 to 2015": "Attacks prevented at the planning stage", "Figure": "20" }, { "Reported, 2011 to 2015": "Terrorist and extremist crimes averted", "Figure": "650" }, { "Reported, 2011 to 2015": "Training camps neutralised", "Figure": "440" }, { "Reported, 2011 to 2015": "Members of international terrorist organisations neutralised", "Figure": "1,700" } ], "joint_counter_terrorism_exercises": [ { "Exercise": "Anti-terrorism Interaction-2024", "Date": "July 2024", "Location": "Xinjiang, China", "Note": "First joint counter-terrorism exercise to bring together the competent authorities of all ten member states" }, { "Exercise": "East Anti-Terror 2024", "Date": "4 to 5 September 2024", "Location": "Tashkent, Uzbekistan", "Note": "Held alongside the 10th RATS International Science and Practical Conference" }, { "Exercise": "Sahand-Antiterror-2025", "Date": "4 December 2025", "Location": "Tabriz, Iran", "Note": "Final stage observed by the RATS Executive Committee director and an SCO Deputy Secretary General" }, { "Exercise": "Tianshan-2026", "Date": "23 July 2026", "Location": "Urumqi, Xinjiang, China", "Note": { "text": "Joint cyber counter-terrorism exercise for member states' delegations, reported by CGTN ↗", "href": "https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-08-06/SCO-member-states-hold-cyber-anti-terrorism-exercise-in-Xinjiang-1PnStz1crsY/p.html" } }, { "Exercise": "Eurasia-Antiterror 2026", "Date": "4 to 8 October 2026", "Location": "Minsk, Belarus", "Note": { "text": "Joint CIS and SCO exercise held under a decision of the RATS Council. Field phase on 8 October with special units of Belarus, Russia, Uzbekistan, Iran, China and Kazakhstan, per BELTA ↗", "href": "https://eng.belta.by/society/view/eurasia-antiterror-2026-key-moments-of-cis-sco-joint-drills-in-minsk-187170-2026/" } } ], "position_development_bank": [ { "State": "Kyrgyzstan", "Position": "Host bid: Bishkek", "Detail": "Pushed during its 2025 to 2026 chairmanship, the term immediately before Pakistan's." }, { "State": "Kazakhstan", "Position": "Counter-offer: Astana", "Detail": "President Tokayev: Kazakhstan could host the institution 'if there is consensus among the member states' — a conditional offer, not a claim of settled support." }, { "State": "Other eight members", "Position": "No distinct public position identified", "Detail": "Not established in the sources checked for this entry. Silence here is not evidence of a position either way." } ], "position_afghanistan_engagement": [ { "State": "Russia", "Position": "Formal recognition", "Detail": "Recognised the Taliban as Afghanistan's government on 3 July 2025 — the only SCO member to do so." }, { "State": "China", "Position": "De facto engagement, no formal recognition", "Detail": "Accredited a Taliban-appointed ambassador in Beijing, December 2023. Welcomed Russia's recognition in 2025 without matching it." }, { "State": "India", "Position": "Upgraded presence, recognition explicitly withheld", "Detail": "Reopened its Kabul mission as a full embassy on 21 October 2025, after a Jaishankar–Muttaqi meeting; the Taliban reciprocated with a chargé d'affaires in Delhi in January 2026. India has stated this is not a change in its formal, non-recognition position." }, { "State": "Kazakhstan", "Position": "De facto engagement", "Detail": "Removed the Taliban from its list of terrorist organisations, late 2023." }, { "State": "Kyrgyzstan", "Position": "De facto engagement", "Detail": "Removed the Taliban from its list of terrorist organisations, 2024." }, { "State": "Tajikistan", "Position": "Openly skeptical, no engagement track", "Detail": "The most consistently anti-Taliban member. Hosts the National Resistance Front, an armed opposition group, and President Rahmon has called conditions in Panjshir a 'catastrophic violation'." }, { "State": "Pakistan", "Position": "Open conflict, recognition held as leverage", "Detail": "Relations broke down into cross-border air strikes from October 2025, the deadliest clashes since the 2021 Taliban takeover, continuing intermittently into 2026 despite ceasefire attempts. Islamabad has linked any recognition to Kabul accepting the Durand Line as the international border." }, { "State": "Uzbekistan, Iran, Belarus", "Position": "No distinct position established", "Detail": "Not established in the sources checked for this entry." } ], "declaration_sources": [ { "No.": "1", "Summit": "Shanghai, 2001 — 15 June 2001", "Declaration": "Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20010615/1626670.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "2", "Summit": "St Petersburg, 2002 — 7 June 2002", "Declaration": "Declaration by the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat (PDF)", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/14/1626000.pdf", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "3", "Summit": "Moscow, 2003 — 29 May 2003", "Declaration": "Declaration by the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20030529/193656.html", "secondary_source_label": "Office of the President of Russia", "secondary_source_url": "http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/1672" }, { "No.": "4", "Summit": "Tashkent, 2004 — 17 June 2004", "Declaration": "Tashkent Declaration by Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "Office of the President of Russia", "primary_source_url": "http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/31179", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "5", "Summit": "Astana, 2005 — 5 July 2005", "Declaration": "Declaration by the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/files/297146/297146", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "6", "Summit": "Shanghai, 2006 — 15 June 2006", "Declaration": "Declaration on the Fifth Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat (PDF)", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/17/1627730.pdf", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "7", "Summit": "Bishkek, 2007 — 16 August 2007", "Declaration": "Bishkek Declaration", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat (PDF)", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/17/1627871.pdf", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "8", "Summit": "Dushanbe, 2008 — 28 August 2008", "Declaration": "Dushanbe Declaration", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat (PDF)", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/17/1628059.pdf", "secondary_source_label": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan", "secondary_source_url": "https://mfa.tj/en/main/view/3234/dushanbe-declaration" }, { "No.": "9", "Summit": "Yekaterinburg, 2009 — 16 June 2009", "Declaration": "Yekaterinburg Declaration by the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China", "primary_source_url": "https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zy/gb/202405/t20240531_11367228.html", "secondary_source_label": "Office of the President of Russia", "secondary_source_url": "http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/66" }, { "No.": "10", "Summit": "Tashkent, 2010 — 10 to 11 June 2010", "Declaration": "Declaration of the 10th Meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States", "primary_source_label": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China", "primary_source_url": "https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201006/t20100625_679309.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "11", "Summit": "Astana, 2011 — 15 June 2011", "Declaration": "Astana Declaration on the 10th Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat (PDF)", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/14/1625605.pdf", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "12", "Summit": "Beijing, 2012 — 7 June 2012", "Declaration": "Declaration by the Heads of Member States on Building a Region of Lasting Peace and Common Prosperity", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat (PDF)", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/17/1626889.pdf", "secondary_source_label": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China", "secondary_source_url": "https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zy/gb/202405/t20240531_11367264.html" }, { "No.": "13", "Summit": "Bishkek, 2013 — 13 September 2013", "Declaration": "Bishkek Declaration by the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20130913/1625801.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "14", "Summit": "Dushanbe, 2014 — 12 September 2014", "Declaration": "Dushanbe Declaration by the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20140912/199880.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "15", "Summit": "Ufa, 2015 — 10 July 2015", "Declaration": "Ufa Declaration by the Heads of Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/files/200119/200119", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "16", "Summit": "Tashkent, 2016 — 24 June 2016", "Declaration": "The Tashkent Declaration of the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat (PDF)", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/images/07e8/0c/14/1626002.pdf", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "17", "Summit": "Astana, 2017 — 9 June 2017", "Declaration": "The Astana Declaration of the Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20170612/296163.html", "secondary_source_label": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China", "secondary_source_url": "https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zy/jj/2017zt/xjpdhjxgsfwbcxshzzcygyslshdsqchyhastnzxsbhkms/202406/t20240606_11380666.html" }, { "No.": "18", "Summit": "Qingdao, 2018 — 10 June 2018", "Declaration": "Qingdao Declaration of the Council of Heads of State", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20180614/450496.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "19", "Summit": "Bishkek, 2019 — 14 June 2019", "Declaration": "Bishkek Declaration of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation's Heads of State Council", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20190614/550971.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "20", "Summit": "Moscow, 2020 — 10 November 2020", "Declaration": "The Moscow Declaration of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20201110/690356.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "21", "Summit": "Dushanbe, 2021 — 17 September 2021", "Declaration": "Dushanbe Declaration on the Twentieth Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20210917/782639.html", "secondary_source_label": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan", "secondary_source_url": "https://mfa.tj/en/korea/view/8345/20-years-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco-cooperation-for-stability-and-prosperity" }, { "No.": "22", "Summit": "Samarkand, 2022 — 16 September 2022", "Declaration": "The Samarkand Declaration of the Heads of State Council of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20220916/1626299.html", "secondary_source_label": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China", "secondary_source_url": "https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zy/jj/2022/cxshgsfwhw/202209/t20220916_10767162.html" }, { "No.": "23", "Summit": "New Delhi, 2023 — 4 July 2023", "Declaration": "New Delhi Declaration of the Council of Heads of State of Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20230704/1628339.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "24", "Summit": "Astana, 2024 — 4 July 2024", "Declaration": "Astana Declaration of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20240709/1438929.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" }, { "No.": "25", "Summit": "Tianjin, 2025 — 1 September 2025", "Declaration": "Tianjin Declaration of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat", "primary_source_url": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20250901/1963431.html", "secondary_source_label": "Office of the President of Russia", "secondary_source_url": "http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/6376" }, { "No.": "26", "Summit": "Bishkek, 2026 — 1 September 2026", "Declaration": "Bishkek Declaration on the Twenty Fifth Anniversary", "primary_source_label": "SCO Secretariat, Russian text", "primary_source_url": "https://rus.sectsco.org/20260901/2495418.html", "secondary_source_label": "", "secondary_source_url": "" } ], "bishkek_declaration_reading": [ { "Topic": "What the SCO says it is", "What the text says": "Not a military-political bloc and not directed against other states or international organisations. Operates on openness, non-interference, equality and mutual respect. SCO Plus is described as contributing to a broad and inclusive global partnership", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Overview", "href": "#overview" } }, { "Topic": "The United Nations and world order", "What the text says": "Reaffirms the UN Charter and calls for a ‘representative, democratic and just multipolar world order’. Welcomes the UN General Assembly’s proclamation of 2027 to 2036 as the International Decade of Strengthening of Peace for Future Generations", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Summits and declarations", "href": "#summits" } }, { "Topic": "Central Asia", "What the text says": "Recognises Central Asia as the core of the SCO and welcomes Tajikistan’s annual high-level conferences on peace and development in the region", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Partners and relations", "href": "#partners" } }, { "Topic": "Security bodies", "What the text says": "Records approval of the regulations of the Universal Centre for Countering Security Challenges and Threats, made up of an Information Security Centre and a Centre for Combatting Transnational Organised Crime, and of the Anti-Drug Centre’s Executive Committee. Expects their practical launch to strengthen cooperation. Notes a protocol amending the 2010 crime-cooperation agreement", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Security cooperation", "href": "#security" } }, { "Topic": "Drugs", "What the text says": "Adopts programmes on drug dependence and on synthetic drugs and precursors, both through 2030. Welcomes a memorandum between the Secretariat and the Central Asian regional drug-trafficking coordination centre (CARICC). Supports the ‘Web’ operation and the ‘For a World Without Drugs’ campaign", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Security cooperation", "href": "#security" } }, { "Topic": "Terrorism", "What the text says": "Condemns terrorism in all forms, calls double standards in combating it unacceptable, and backs a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism. Describes the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure’s role as significant and active", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Security cooperation", "href": "#security" } }, { "Topic": "Afghanistan", "What the text says": "One paragraph on the emergence of Afghanistan as an independent, neutral and peaceful state free from terrorism, war and drugs, and one saying an inclusive government with broad participation is the way to lasting peace and stability (the Chinese text calls it the only way)", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Security cooperation", "href": "#security" } }, { "Topic": "Information security and AI", "What the text says": "Opposes the militarisation of information and communication technology. Calls for the safe and responsible use of AI and stresses the importance of signing a governments’ memorandum on AI cooperation, which it treats as still to come. Urges signature and ratification of the UN Convention against Cybercrime", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "How it works", "href": "#architecture" } }, { "Topic": "Nuclear and arms control", "What the text says": "Supports the Non-Proliferation Treaty, welcomes the 20th anniversary of the Semipalatinsk treaty on a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Central Asia, and notes a separate declaration on multilateral partnership for nuclear safety and security", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Summits and declarations", "href": "#summits" } }, { "Topic": "Trade and economic governance", "What the text says": "Opposes unilateral coercive measures that contravene the UN Charter and World Trade Organization rules. Continues the Economic Development Strategy to 2030 and the Energy Cooperation Strategy to 2030. Supports start-up ecosystem, e-commerce and smart customs cooperation", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Trade and business opportunities", "href": "#opportunities" } }, { "Topic": "Belt and Road", "What the text says": "Names eight members as having reaffirmed support for China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Belarus, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. India is not among them", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Connectivity projects", "href": "#connectivity" } }, { "Topic": "Finance", "What the text says": "Supports reform of the IMF and World Bank governance to give developing countries more say, and wider use of national currencies. On the Interbank Consortium the language versions differ: the Chinese text has member states advocating that the question of Iran's authorised banks joining the Consortium be resolved as soon as possible, while the Secretariat's English translation, marked unofficial, welcomes the integration of the authorised bank designated by Iran into its operations. On the Development Bank it notes the progress made by interested member states during the Kyrgyz presidency (the Chinese text says ‘positive progress’) and underscores the importance of continuing the work", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Institutions", "href": "#institutions" } }, { "Topic": "Transport", "What the text says": "Backs new and modernised international road and rail routes, multimodal corridors and logistics centres, and digital and energy-efficient technologies. The text does not name the Transport Connectivity Strategy to 2035", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Connectivity projects", "href": "#connectivity" } }, { "Topic": "Environment and climate", "What the text says": "Notes the signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation in Combating Climate Change, an Initiative on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management, and a plan of joint actions for 2026 to 2031. Acknowledges a Second Mountain Summit, ‘Bishkek+25’, in Kyrgyzstan in 2027", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Environment and climate", "href": "#environment" } }, { "Topic": "Culture, tourism and education", "What the text says": "Welcomes Lahore as Tourism and Cultural Capital for 2026 to 2027 and thanks Cholpon-Ata for 2025 to 2026. Calls the SCO University a key practical mechanism for educational cooperation. Welcomes an SCO Civilisational Dialogue Forum in India in autumn 2026, SCO events in 2028 for the 200th anniversary of Tolstoy’s birth and the 100th of Chingiz Aitmatov’s, and the Sixth World Nomad Games", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Culture, education and public diplomacy", "href": "#culture" } }, { "Topic": "Health, science and youth", "What the text says": "Supports an SCO dialogue platform on healthcare management and a proposed dialogue platform of heads of national academies of sciences. Cites the Young Scientists Forum and a list of youth initiatives", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Culture, education and public diplomacy", "href": "#culture" } }, { "Topic": "Handover", "What the text says": "The presidency is ‘hereby transferred’ to Pakistan, which will host the next Council of Heads of State in 2027. No date within 2027 is given", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Pakistan's chairmanship", "href": "#pakistan" } }, { "Topic": "Not in the text", "What the text says": "No reference to Ukraine, to the 2025 decision to merge observer and dialogue partner categories into a single partner status, or to the SCO Development Fund. The text also carries paragraphs on the Middle East and on the Palestinian question, which are best read in the Secretariat text itself", "Where it is covered here": { "text": "Partners and relations", "href": "#partners" } } ], "ministerial_and_sectoral_meetings_2026": [ { "Date": "15 April 2026", "Meeting": "11th Meeting of Ministers of Agriculture", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "Theme: organic agriculture and sustainable food systems. Adopted a plan of actions on crop breeding and seed production and regulations for a new expert group. A 2026 to 2029 plan with the FAO was discussed but not adopted", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260416/2261667.html" } }, { "Date": "23 April 2026", "Meeting": "13th Meeting of Ministers of Transport", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "Protocol signed. A memorandum on digitalising international road transport permits was signed by interested parties. Regulations for a Special Working Group on transport cooperation approved", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260423/2275128.html" } }, { "Date": "24 April 2026", "Meeting": "Consultative meeting of deputy foreign ministers on Afghanistan", "Place": "Moscow", "What it recorded": "Reported by Russia's foreign ministry as a consultative session on Afghanistan, including reviving the dormant SCO Afghanistan Contact Group. No outcome document was reported", "Source": { "text": "AtlasPress ↗", "href": "https://atlaspress.news/en/2026/04/25/sco-members-concern-afghanistan-security-moscow-meeting/" } }, { "Date": "28 April 2026", "Meeting": "Meeting of Defence Ministers", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "Chaired by Kyrgyzstan. Discussed terrorism, extremism, transnational crime, information and cyber risks, trust between armed forces, and joint exercises. No document was listed", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260428/2288986.html" } }, { "Date": "14 May 2026", "Meeting": "21st Meeting of Secretaries of the Security Councils", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "Chaired by Kyrgyzstan. Reviewed the international situation, new risks and challenges, and information and cyber security. Documents and next host not stated", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260514/2308957.html" } }, { "Date": "29 May 2026", "Meeting": "Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "Took note of a progress report on consultations on the SCO Development Bank. Discussed digitalisation of public finances and wider use of national currencies. No documents listed", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260530/2340465.html" } }, { "Date": "5 June 2026", "Meeting": "Ministers of Internal Affairs and Public Security", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "Protocol signed. INTERPOL's Secretary-General and the CIS bureau for coordinating the fight against organised crime attended", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260605/2351988.html" } }, { "Date": "19 June 2026", "Meeting": "6th Meeting of Energy Ministers", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "No final documents signed. Ministers approved two draft heads-of-state statements, on energy conservation and efficiency and on energy systems, for adoption at the summit, and agreed to continue expert consultations on an SCO Energy Consortium, which does not yet exist", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260619/2392065.html" } }, { "Date": "24 to 25 June 2026", "Meeting": "Meeting of the SCO Business Council Board", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "Heads of the national sections discussed trade, economic and investment cooperation. A protocol was adopted afterwards", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260626/2397341.html" } }, { "Date": "2 July 2026", "Meeting": "22nd Council meeting of the SCO Interbank Association", "Place": "Cholpon-Ata", "What it recorded": "Adopted a development strategy for 2027 to 2031 and set up a working group on ESG, sustainable and socially inclusive financing. A representative of an Iranian financial institution attended as a guest. Pakistan takes over the Association's chair from October 2026", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260704/2413837.html" } }, { "Date": "19 July 2026", "Meeting": "23rd Meeting of Ministers of Culture", "Place": "Cholpon-Ata", "What it recorded": "Protocol signed. The list of SCO cultural exchange events for 2026 to 2027 was approved", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260721/2463069.html" } }, { "Date": "21 to 23 August 2026", "Meeting": "Observer mission, Kazakhstan parliamentary elections", "Place": "Astana and across Kazakhstan", "What it recorded": "Mission led by Deputy Secretary-General T.R. Midhun. Observers were briefed on 22 August and deployed for voting on 23 August. No assessment had been published when this entry was written", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260822/2478555.html" } }, { "Date": "14 to 18 September 2026", "Meeting": "Anti-drug operation ‘Spider Web’", "Place": "Member states; coordination headquarters in Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan", "What it recorded": { "text": "About 25,000 officers took part. Results reported: 3,845 drug crimes identified, 811 people detained, more than 5,296 kg of narcotics seized. Detail under Security cooperation", "href": "#security" }, "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260921/2530932.html" } }, { "Date": "17 September 2026", "Meeting": "25th Meeting of Ministers responsible for Foreign Economic and Foreign Trade Activity", "Place": "Dushanbe", "What it recorded": "Reported: a ministers' statement adopted, regulations for a working group on the creative economy approved, and a 2026 to 2030 action plan on multilateral trade and economic cooperation agreed and sent to the Council of Heads of Government for approval. Next meeting reported for Uzbekistan in 2027", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗ — India Shipping News ↗", "hrefs": [ "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260911/2511608.html", "https://indiashippingnews.com/trade/25th-meeting-of-sco-ministers-responsible-for-economic-and-foreign-trade-activities-held-in-tajikistan/" ] } }, { "Date": "18 to 20 September 2026", "Meeting": "Observer mission, Russian State Duma elections", "Place": "Moscow and Moscow Region", "What it recorded": "Fifteen observers from six member states and the Secretariat, led by Deputy Secretary-General Piao Yangfan, visited polling stations and an observation centre in Odintsovo", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260921/2531047.html" } }, { "Date": "1 October 2026", "Meeting": "24th Meeting of Prosecutors General", "Place": "Kazan, Russia", "What it recorded": "Chaired by Russia. A protocol with several decisions was signed. Uzbekistan hosts the next meeting in 2027", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20261002/2545741.html" } }, { "Date": "4 to 8 October 2026", "Meeting": "Eurasia-Antiterror 2026, joint CIS and SCO counter-terrorism exercise", "Place": "Minsk, Belarus", "What it recorded": "Field phase on 8 October with special units of six states: Belarus, Russia, Uzbekistan, Iran, China and Kazakhstan. The CIS Anti-Terrorism Centre and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure took part. Belarus combined the conference and exercise components for the first time", "Source": { "text": "BELTA ↗", "href": "https://eng.belta.by/society/view/eurasia-antiterror-2026-key-moments-of-cis-sco-joint-drills-in-minsk-187170-2026/" } }, { "Date": "9 to 10 October 2026", "Meeting": "SCO Symposium on Financing Infrastructure Projects in Central Asia", "Place": "Mumbai, India", "What it recorded": "Organised by India's Ministry of External Affairs with FICCI and IIFCL. Six sessions on financing infrastructure. Held the inaugural meeting of the SCO Asia Economic Dialogue, an Indian initiative", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20261011/2552307.html" } }, { "Date": "13 to 14 October 2026", "Meeting": "International Conference ‘For a Drug-Free World’", "Place": "Bishkek", "What it recorded": "Organised by Kyrgyzstan's Ministry of Internal Affairs with the Secretariat; UNODC, the CSTO and CARICC took part. Recommendations adopted on information exchange, early warning of new drug threats and joint operations", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20261015/2562390.html" } }, { "Date": "15 to 16 October 2026", "Meeting": "SCO, CSTO and CIS Conference on Security in Central Asia and Afghanistan", "Place": "Moscow", "What it recorded": "Held within Russia's CSTO chairmanship. The SCO Deputy Secretary-General set out the SCO's Afghanistan position as stated in the Bishkek Declaration and said the 2025 SCO, CSTO and CIS roadmap has moved cooperation onto a practical track. No formal outcomes were listed", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20261017/2565585.html" } } ], "development_bank_consultation_rounds": [ { "Round": "First", "Date": "March 2026", "Place": "Beijing", "Participants": "Not stated", "What was recorded": "Reported as focused on the bank's architecture: capitalisation principles, institutional structure and governance", "Source": { "text": "South China Morning Post ↗", "href": "https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3355331/china-led-sco-bloc-looks-fast-track-plan-new-bank-would-rival-western-lenders" } }, { "Round": "Second", "Date": "29 to 30 April 2026", "Place": "Xi'an, China", "Participants": "Co-chaired by the deputy finance ministers of China and Kyrgyzstan. Number of countries not stated", "What was recorded": "Key parameters, functions, operating mechanisms and financing areas discussed. No specific decisions; interest in establishing the bank reaffirmed", "Source": { "text": "Akchabar ↗", "href": "https://www.akchabar.kg/en/news/strani-shos-prodvigayut-sozdanie-banka-razvitiya-sleduyushchaya-vstrecha-projdet-v-bishkeke-vpkwhbfnttgezzbd" } }, { "Round": "Third", "Date": "28 May 2026", "Place": "Bishkek", "Participants": "20 countries and the Secretariat", "What was recorded": "Consultations on key elements; agreed to report progress to the finance ministers, who took note of it the next day", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260529/2335857.html" } }, { "Round": "Fourth", "Date": "29 to 30 June 2026", "Place": "Shenzhen, China", "Participants": "28 countries and the Secretariat", "What was recorded": "In-depth consultations on key elements; a workplan for next steps agreed", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260630/2406779.html" } }, { "Round": "Fifth", "Date": "17 September 2026", "Place": "Hangzhou, China", "Participants": "Officials from 29 states and the Secretariat, per TASS", "What was recorded": "Exchange of views on operating parameters. No launch date, capital figure or founding agreement published", "Source": { "text": "TASS ↗", "href": "https://tass.com/economy/2189119" } } ], "pakistan_term_at_a_glance": [ { "Item": "Chair", "Detail": "Pakistan, Council of Heads of State, 2026 to 2027. Took over from Kyrgyzstan at the close of the Bishkek summit on 1 September 2026", "Placed at": "established", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260901/2493609.html" } }, { "Item": "Theme", "Detail": "“Turning Vision into Action: Connectivity, Innovation and Shared Prosperity”", "Placed at": "declared", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260901/2493609.html" } }, { "Item": "Leaders' summit", "Detail": { "text": "Islamabad, August 2027. Pakistan's foreign ministry has called it the hallmark of the chairmanship. Exact days and venue have not been announced. The Daily Times reports plans to upgrade the Jinnah Convention Centre and add internationally standard hotel capacity (Daily Times ↗, 27 September)", "href": "https://dailytimes.com.pk/1559175/sco-national-coordinators-to-meet-in-islamabad-from-sept-28/" }, "Placed at": "agreed", "Source": { "text": "Radio Pakistan ↗", "href": "https://www.radio.gov.pk/27-08-2026/pakistan-to-assume-sco-chairmanship-for-one-year-after-bishkek-summit" } }, { "Item": "National Coordinator", "Detail": "Pakistan's National Coordinator for the SCO chaired the first coordinators' meeting of the term. Reports on that meeting name Dr Mohammad Faisal, while Dawn's 19 October report names Khalil Hashmi as the National Coordinator. The reporting is inconsistent and is not resolved here", "Placed at": "operating", "Source": { "text": "Express Tribune ↗ — Dawn ↗", "hrefs": [ "https://tribune.com.pk/story/2631916/pakistan-chairs-first-sco-council-of-national-coordinators-meeting-in-islamabad", "https://www.dawn.com/news/2038263/dpm-dar-arrives-in-tajikistan-for-high-level-sco-moot" ] } }, { "Item": "Tourism and Cultural Capital", "Detail": { "text": "Lahore, for 2026 to 2027. See Culture, education and public diplomacy", "href": "#culture" }, "Placed at": "established", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260901/2493609.html" } }, { "Item": "SCO Interbank Association chair", "Detail": "Pakistan takes over the chair from October 2026, from Kyrgyzstan's Eldik Bank, which held it from October 2025", "Placed at": "agreed", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260704/2413837.html" } } ], "pakistan_stated_priorities": [ { "Priority": "Regional peace, security and stability", "What has been said": "The Prime Minister called the SCO an important platform for peace and stability, and named terrorism among the region's most serious threats", "Where it sits in this research": { "text": "Security cooperation", "href": "#security" }, "Placed at": "declared" }, { "Priority": "Connectivity", "What has been said": "Described as a strategic necessity, with rail, road and energy projects as the priority. The theme itself leads with it", "Where it sits in this research": { "text": "Connectivity projects. The Transport Connectivity Strategy to 2035 is still listed as not yet adopted", "href": "#connectivity" }, "Placed at": "declared" }, { "Priority": "Energy", "What has been said": "Secure energy corridors, raised alongside information technology as a chairmanship priority", "Where it sits in this research": { "text": "Trade and business opportunities", "href": "#opportunities" }, "Placed at": "declared" }, { "Priority": "Innovation and information technology", "What has been said": "Named in the theme and listed as a priority. No SCO body currently owns the subject", "Where it sits in this research": { "text": "How it works", "href": "#architecture" }, "Placed at": "declared" }, { "Priority": "Development and social welfare", "What has been said": "Implementing the Development Strategy to 2035, backing an SCO Development Bank, and continued work on poverty alleviation and social protection", "Where it sits in this research": { "text": "Institutions, where the bank is still listed as declared", "href": "#institutions" }, "Placed at": "declared" }, { "Priority": "People-to-people contacts", "What has been said": "The fourth stated focus alongside connectivity, innovation and economic cooperation. Lahore's title as Tourism and Cultural Capital is the one concrete instrument so far", "Where it sits in this research": { "text": "Culture, education and public diplomacy", "href": "#culture" }, "Placed at": "established" } ], "pakistan_hosted_meetings_2026": [ { "Date": "15 to 16 July 2026", "Meeting": "Secretary-General's working visit", "Place": "Islamabad", "What was recorded": "Nurlan Yermekbayev met Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar on 15 July to discuss Pakistan's coming chairmanship, and briefed him on preparations for the Council of Foreign Ministers. On 16 July he met Pakistan's Federal Minister for National Heritage and Culture", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗ — SCO Secretariat ↗ — Dawn ↗", "hrefs": [ "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260715/2448011.html", "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260716/2449037.html", "https://www.dawn.com/news/2015642" ] } }, { "Date": "17 July 2026", "Meeting": "Twelfth Meeting of Heads of Border Services of the competent authorities of the member states", "Place": "Islamabad", "What was recorded": "Pakistan chaired. Approved the results of the joint border operation ‘Solidarity-2025’, endorsed the plan for ‘Solidarity-2026’, adopted the 2027 work plan of the group of experts, and supported Tajikistan's offer to host ‘Solidarity-2027’. Delegations of the ten member states and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure are listed as attending", "Source": { "text": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pakistan ↗", "href": "https://mofa.gov.pk/press-releases/twelfth-meeting-of-heads-of-border-services-of-the-competent-authorities-of-the-sco-member-states-held-in-islamabad" } }, { "Date": "14 September 2026", "Meeting": "46th Meeting of the Council of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure", "Place": "Islamabad", "What was recorded": "Pakistan chaired. The SCO Deputy Secretary-General reviewed the outcomes of the Bishkek summit and stressed the safe and responsible use of artificial intelligence. Delegation heads then met Pakistan's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. The meeting closed Pakistan's chairmanship of the Council, with Russia to take over next. No formal decisions were reported", "Source": { "text": "Radio Pakistan ↗ — UzDaily ↗", "hrefs": [ "https://www.radio.gov.pk/14-09-2026/pakistan-hosts-46th-meeting-of-sco-rats-council-in-islamabad", "https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/sco-regional-anti-terrorist-structure-holds-46th-council-meeting/" ] } }, { "Date": "27 to 30 September 2026", "Meeting": "First Council of National Coordinators of Pakistan's chairmanship", "Place": "Islamabad", "What was recorded": "The Secretariat gives 27 to 30 September; Pakistani press gives 28 to 30. Pakistan presented its plan for the 2026 to 2027 chairmanship. Coordinators of the ten member states, the Secretariat and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure's Executive Committee exchanged views on improving the organisation's work and prepared the Dushanbe heads of government meeting. Heads of delegations met Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar. No decisions or event dates were published", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗ — SCO Secretariat ↗ — Express Tribune ↗", "hrefs": [ "https://eng.sectsco.org/20261002/2544599.html", "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260929/2541037.html", "https://tribune.com.pk/story/2631916/pakistan-chairs-first-sco-council-of-national-coordinators-meeting-in-islamabad" ] } } ], "ministerial_and_leaders_track_2026": [ { "Date": "24 July 2026", "Meeting": "Council of Foreign Ministers", "Place": "Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan", "What it recorded": "Adopted a statement marking the twenty fifth anniversary. It reaffirmed the central role of the United Nations, called Central Asia the core of the organisation, backed joint action against terrorism, extremism and drug trafficking, supported an open digital environment and wider intra-SCO trade, and welcomed Kyrgyzstan's preparations for the summit. A statement, not a list of decisions", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260725/2470939.html" } }, { "Date": "31 August to 1 September 2026", "Meeting": "Council of Heads of State and SCO Plus", "Place": "Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan", "What it recorded": { "text": "Twenty eight documents adopted, led by the Bishkek Declaration. Chairmanship passed to Pakistan. See Summits and declarations and the table below", "href": "#summits" }, "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260901/2493609.html" } }, { "Date": "17 September 2026", "Meeting": "Fifth round of consultations on the SCO Development Bank", "Place": "Hangzhou, China", "What it recorded": "Reported as drawing officials from 29 states alongside the Secretariat, with an exchange of views on the bank's operating parameters. No launch date, capital figure or founding agreement was published", "Source": { "text": "TASS ↗", "href": "https://tass.com/economy/2189119" } }, { "Date": "16 October 2026", "Meeting": "Council of National Coordinators", "Place": "Dushanbe, Tajikistan", "What it recorded": "A coordinators' meeting began in Dushanbe on 16 October, ahead of the heads of government meeting. Its outcome was not published when this entry was written", "Source": { "text": "SCO Secretariat news ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/" } }, { "Date": "19 to 20 October 2026", "Meeting": "Twenty fifth Council of Heads of Government", "Place": "Dushanbe, Tajikistan", "What it recorded": "Opened on 19 October. Pakistan's delegation is led by its Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, Ishaq Dar, who arrived that day at the invitation of Tajikistan's Prime Minister and was due to call on Tajikistan's President and Prime Minister and hold sideline meetings. Russia's prime minister also arrived for the two day visit. A joint communiqué and decisions are expected, and TASS previewed a concept for a unified digital platform for multimodal freight and an initiative on international rail transport. Nothing had been adopted or published when this entry was written, and it will be updated when the outcome is out", "Source": { "text": "Radio Pakistan ↗ — Dawn ↗ — TASS ↗ — TASS ↗", "hrefs": [ "https://www.radio.gov.pk/19-10-2026/dar-to-lead-pakistani-delegation-at-sco-chg-meeting-in-tajikistan", "https://www.dawn.com/news/2038263/dpm-dar-arrives-in-tajikistan-for-high-level-sco-moot", "https://tass.com/politics/2203901", "https://tass.com/politics/2204115" ] } } ], "pakistan_inherits_from_bishkek": [ { "Strand": "SCO Development Bank", "What Bishkek recorded": "The declaration welcomed progress among interested members. No founding agreement, capital commitment or launch date. Kyrgyzstan has offered Bishkek as the site and Kazakhstan has said it could host. Consultations continue", "Placed at": "declared", "Read more": { "text": "Institutions", "href": "#institutions" } }, { "Strand": "Charter amendments", "What Bishkek recorded": "The Secretariat records a Protocol on Amendments and Additions to the SCO Charter as signed, giving only its title. The Declaration does not mention it. Its contents and ratification status were not found", "Placed at": "agreed", "Read more": { "text": "Summits and declarations", "href": "#summits" } }, { "Strand": "Universal Centre for Countering Security Challenges and Threats", "What Bishkek recorded": "Regulations approved at Bishkek for a body made up of an Information Security Centre and a Centre for Combatting Transnational Organised Crime, to be based in Tashkent under the 2025 Tianjin decision. The Declaration expects its practical launch. No director, budget or start date has been published", "Placed at": "established", "Read more": { "text": "Security cooperation", "href": "#security" } }, { "Strand": "Anti-Drug Centre, Dushanbe", "What Bishkek recorded": "Regulations for its Executive Committee approved. The Declaration also records programmes on drug dependence and on synthetic drugs and precursors, both through 2030, and a memorandum with the Central Asian regional drug-trafficking coordination centre", "Placed at": "established", "Read more": { "text": "Security cooperation", "href": "#security" } }, { "Strand": "Transport", "What Bishkek recorded": "A 2026 to 2030 roadmap for ports and logistics centres was approved. The Transport Connectivity Strategy to 2035, proposed by Kazakhstan, and a single digital transit platform were not adopted", "Placed at": "agreed roadmap — declared strategy", "Read more": { "text": "Connectivity projects", "href": "#connectivity" } }, { "Strand": "Digital and artificial intelligence", "What Bishkek recorded": "The Declaration calls for the safe and responsible use of AI and stresses the importance of signing a governments' memorandum on AI cooperation, which it treats as still to come. Press reports of a 2026 to 2028 information security plan and a regional data-centre concept are not in the Declaration", "Placed at": "declared", "Read more": { "text": "How it works", "href": "#architecture" } }, { "Strand": "Environment and climate", "What Bishkek recorded": "The Declaration notes the signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation in Combating Climate Change, an Initiative on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management, and a plan of joint actions for 2026 to 2031. A Green Technology Corridor for 2026 to 2030 is press-reported only", "Placed at": "agreed", "Read more": { "text": "Environment and climate", "href": "#environment" } }, { "Strand": "Emergency assistance", "What Bishkek recorded": "A statement on assistance to states affected by emergencies was adopted, backing a Kyrgyz proposal for a special account. It is not clear whether members accepted the account or how aid would be funded", "Placed at": "declared", "Read more": { "text": "Summits and declarations", "href": "#summits" } }, { "Strand": "Outside partnerships", "What Bishkek recorded": { "text": "A memorandum between the Secretariat and the African Union Commission, and an SCO, CSTO and CIS roadmap with a first joint event, both per the SCO Secretariat ↗", "href": "https://eng.sectsco.org/20260901/2493609.html" }, "Placed at": "agreed", "Read more": { "text": "Partners and relations", "href": "#partners" } }, { "Strand": "Interbank Consortium and Iran", "What Bishkek recorded": "The Declaration's language versions differ: the Chinese text has member states advocating that the question of Iran's authorised banks joining the Consortium be resolved as soon as possible, while the Secretariat's English translation, marked unofficial, welcomes the integration of the authorised bank designated by Iran into its operations. Pakistan takes the Interbank Association chair from October 2026", "Placed at": "operating", "Read more": { "text": "Institutions", "href": "#institutions" } } ], "pakistan_watchlist_to_august_2027": [ { "Item": "Leaders' summit, Islamabad", "Where it stands": "August 2027. Days, venue and guest list not announced", "Basis": "Announced" }, { "Item": "Lahore as Tourism and Cultural Capital", "Where it stands": "Runs through 2026 to 2027. A programme of events has not been published", "Basis": "Announced" }, { "Item": "Further coordinators' meetings", "Where it stands": "The Council of National Coordinators meets at least three times a year under Charter Article 9, so more meetings are expected before the summit", "Basis": "Expected under the Charter" }, { "Item": "Council of Foreign Ministers", "Where it stands": "Generally held about a month before the summit and chaired by the foreign minister of the state hosting it, which points to a mid 2027 meeting under Pakistan's chair. No date or place has been announced", "Basis": "Expected under the Charter" }, { "Item": "Council of Heads of Government, 2027", "Where it stands": "The host for the next prime ministers' meeting was not found in the sources reviewed", "Basis": "Not announced" }, { "Item": "SCO Development Bank", "Where it stands": "Whether the next consultation round produces a founding agreement or a host decision. Five rounds have been held so far", "Basis": "Open question" }, { "Item": "SCO Civilisational Dialogue Forum", "Where it stands": { "text": "Welcomed in the Declaration for autumn 2026 in India. India's National Coordinator was reported on 30 September giving New Delhi and 20 November; no official notice was found (ANI ↗)", "href": "https://aninews.in/news/world/asia/indias-sco-national-coordinator-emphasises-pm-modis-call-for-civilisation-dialogue-forum-says-summits-focus-on-connectivity-trade20260930195959/" }, "Basis": "Announced, date reported once" }, { "Item": "Second Mountain Summit, ‘Bishkek+25’", "Where it stands": "Kyrgyzstan, 2027. Acknowledged in the Declaration; no date found", "Basis": "Announced" }, { "Item": "Interbank Association chair", "Where it stands": "Passes to Pakistan from October 2026", "Basis": "Announced" }, { "Item": "Next prosecutors general and trade ministers' meetings", "Where it stands": "Both reported for Uzbekistan in 2027", "Basis": "Announced" }, { "Item": "Charter protocol and the Universal Centre", "Where it stands": "Whether the Charter protocol enters into force and the Tashkent centre receives a director, budget and start date", "Basis": "Open question" } ], "institutions_status_summary": [ { "status": "operating", "count": 7, "examples": "SCO Secretariat, RATS Executive Committee, Interbank Consortium, Business Council, Consortium of Economic Analytical Centres, SCO University, Youth Council" }, { "status": "established", "count": 4, "examples": "Universal Centre for Countering Challenges and Threats, its Information security and Transnational organised crime units, SCO Anti-Drug Centre" }, { "status": "agreed", "count": 1, "examples": "SCO Association of Investors" }, { "status": "declared", "count": 2, "examples": "SCO Development Bank, SCO Development Fund Special Account" } ], "observer_states": [ { "State": "Mongolia", "Granted": "17 June 2004, Tashkent, Decision No. 12", "Status": "Current" }, { "State": "Afghanistan", "Granted": "7 June 2012, Beijing, Decision No. 6", "Status": "Vacant since August 2021. Never formally revoked" } ], "dialogue_partners": [ { "Partner": "Sri Lanka", "Decision": "16 June 2009", "Memorandum signed": "6 May 2010" }, { "Partner": "Türkiye", "Decision": "7 June 2012", "Memorandum signed": "26 April 2013" }, { "Partner": "Cambodia", "Decision": "10 July 2015", "Memorandum signed": "24 September 2015" }, { "Partner": "Azerbaijan", "Decision": "10 July 2015", "Memorandum signed": "14 March 2016" }, { "Partner": "Armenia", "Decision": "10 July 2015", "Memorandum signed": "14 March 2016" }, { "Partner": "Nepal", "Decision": "10 July 2015", "Memorandum signed": "22 March 2016" }, { "Partner": "Egypt", "Decision": "17 September 2021", "Memorandum signed": "14 September 2022" }, { "Partner": "Qatar", "Decision": "17 September 2021", "Memorandum signed": "14 September 2022" }, { "Partner": "Saudi Arabia", "Decision": "17 September 2021", "Memorandum signed": "16 September 2022" }, { "Partner": "Bahrain", "Decision": "10 September 2022", "Memorandum signed": "14 July 2023" }, { "Partner": "Kuwait", "Decision": "16 September 2022", "Memorandum signed": "5 May 2023" }, { "Partner": "Maldives", "Decision": "16 September 2022", "Memorandum signed": "5 May 2023" }, { "Partner": "Myanmar", "Decision": "16 September 2022", "Memorandum signed": "5 May 2023" }, { "Partner": "United Arab Emirates", "Decision": "16 September 2022", "Memorandum signed": "5 May 2023" }, { "Partner": "Laos", "Decision": "1 September 2025, Decision No. 3", "Memorandum signed": "Not stated on the Secretariat list" } ], "relations_with_other_organisations": [ { "Organisation": "United Nations General Assembly", "Instrument": "Observer status, Resolution 59/48, adopted without a vote", "Date": "2 December 2004" }, { "Organisation": "United Nations Secretariat", "Instrument": "Joint Declaration on Cooperation", "Date": "5 April 2010" }, { "Organisation": "ASEAN", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding", "Date": "21 April 2005, Jakarta" }, { "Organisation": "Commonwealth of Independent States", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding", "Date": "12 April 2005, Beijing" }, { "Organisation": "Commonwealth of Independent States", "Instrument": "Observer status granted to the SCO, alongside the launch of a CIS Plus platform", "Date": "10 October 2025, Dushanbe" }, { "Organisation": "Collective Security Treaty Organisation", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding", "Date": "5 October 2007, Dushanbe" }, { "Organisation": "Economic Cooperation Organisation", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding", "Date": "11 December 2007" }, { "Organisation": "CICA", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding", "Date": "20 May 2014, Shanghai" }, { "Organisation": "International Committee of the Red Cross", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding", "Date": "9 June 2017, Astana" }, { "Organisation": "Eurasian Economic Commission", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding", "Date": "17 September 2021, Dushanbe" }, { "Organisation": "League of Arab States", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding", "Date": "15 September 2022, Samarkand" }, { "Organisation": "CARICC", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding on narcotics trafficking", "Date": "18 March 2026" }, { "Organisation": "African Union Commission", "Instrument": "Memorandum of Understanding, confirmed by the SCO Secretariat's own summit readout", "Date": "1 September 2026, Bishkek" }, { "Organisation": "UNODC, ESCAP, UNESCO, OCHA, UN Tourism, FAO, UNEP", "Instrument": "Separate memoranda with United Nations agencies", "Date": "2011 to 2024" } ] } }